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Linear algebra

The mathematics of many things at once.

Medium

A vector is a list of numbers treated as one object; a matrix transforms whole collections of them in a single move. Linear algebra is how mathematics handles a thousand variables with the same ease as one.

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9 lessons

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The big ideas

Vectors are arrows and lists

One object, two views: an arrow with direction and length, or a column of coordinates. Fluency means switching between them freely.

Matrices are verbs

A matrix isn't a grid of numbers to stare at — it's an action: rotate, stretch, project, shear. Multiplying applies the action.

Eigenvectors are the grain of a transformation

Most vectors get knocked off course by a transformation. A few special ones only stretch. Find them and you've found the transformation's skeleton.

The course — start at lesson one

  1. 01VectorsArrows, lists, addition, scaling — the atoms.
  2. 02The dot productOne number that measures alignment.
  3. 03Matrices as transformationsWatch the plane move — verbs for space.
  4. 04Solving systems & why it scalesMany unknowns, one act — determinants, inverses, elimination.
  5. 05Orthogonality, projections & least squaresThe geometry of best guesses — and the engine of Fourier analysis.
  6. 06Eigenvectors in actionStubborn directions, long-run behavior, and PageRank.
  7. 07Norms & distanceThe rulers of ML: lengths, L1 vs L2, and similarity.
  8. 08Rank & the four subspacesIndependent directions, null space, and why data is low-rank.
  9. 09Matrix decompositions & SVDLU/QR/Cholesky, and SVD for compression, PCA, and recommendation.

Out in the world

Machine learning

Data is matrices; models are matrix operations. GPUs exist because of linear algebra.

3D graphics

Every camera move and object rotation in a game is a 4×4 matrix multiplication.

Search & recommendations

PageRank and recommender systems are eigenvector problems at web scale.

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